MicroRNAs in pulpitis: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Pulpitis, a prevalent inflammatory disease of dental pulp, is primarily driven by bacterial infections and other irritants, leading to irreversible pulp damage if untreated. Recent research highlights the pivotal role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating the molecular mechanisms underlying pulpitis. This review synthesizes current research on miRNAs in pulpitis pathogenesis, highlighting their involvement in inflammation response and cell differentiation. Additionally, interactions between miRNAs and circRNAs/lncRNAs are also involved in dental pulp cells differentiation, thereby further regulating tissue repair and regeneration of dental pulp. Emerging evidence supports miRNAs as diagnostic and prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets of pulpitis, though challenges in delivery systems, specificity, and off-target effects remain. By elucidating the regulatory roles of miRNAs, this work aims to advance understanding of pulpitis pathogenesis and pave the way for innovative diagnostic, therapeutic strategies, and clinic treatment.