Shining light on CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics for inherited retinal diseases

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), such as retinitis pigmentosa, are a heterogenous group of genetic eye diseases characterized by degeneration of photoreceptors. They are the leading cause of blindness in the working age population in high-income countries and are an ideal target for the expanding gene editing tool kit, including rapidly evolving CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies currently being explored as therapeutic interventions for IRDs. Given the challenges posed by the growing complexity and size of gene editing systems, the delivery of these therapeutics to the retina has necessitated innovative approaches. We review current delivery methods, including nanoparticles, virus-like particles and traditional viral vectors, highlighting their advantages and limitations. This review underscores the potential transformative impact of gene editing on genetic disease management, emphasising that advancements in these technologies, coupled with improved pre-clinical models, bring clinically safe and effective treatments for IRDs within view.