Regulatory role of circRNAs in mammalian pregnancy

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in mammalian pregnancy, influencing crucial processes such as placental development, immune modulation, and hormonal regulation. Their unique covalently closed-loop structure confers exceptional stability, making them ideal candidates as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring pregnancy progression and diagnosing complications. This review explores the physiological roles of circRNAs during pregnancy, highlighting their involvement in trophoblast invasion, angiogenesis, and maternal-fetal communication. Additionally, it examines the dysregulation of circRNAs in pregnancy-related complications, including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and fetal growth restriction (FGR), where specific circRNAs show potential as early diagnostic markers. Despite promising advances, several challenges remain, such as the need for large-scale validation and standardized detection methods, as well as a deeper understanding of their molecular functions. Addressing these challenges will not only advance reproductive health in humans but also open avenues for improving animal breeding and livestock management through the application of circRNA biomarkers.