Blade-Coated Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaics Enabled by Solvent and Morphology Engineering

Perovskite-based indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) have emerged as competitive candidates for low-power consumption electronic devices, where the development of fully solution-processed fabrication protocols becomes urgent to enable roll-to-roll compatible manufacture. In this study, blade-coated perovskite IPV devices are developed by blade-coating high-quality hole and electron transporting layers through solvent and morphology engineering, respectively. A uniform hole-transporting layer of polymeric carbazole phosphonic acid is achieved by tuning the properties co-solvent system, while a compact electron-transporting layer of poly(fullerene-alt-xylene) is realized by adjusting the morphology of the underlying perovskite layer. The blade-coated cells (6.84 mm²) and mini-modules (10.4 cm²) achieve impressive efficiencies of 31.8% and 24.0%, respectively, under 1000 lux LED illumination (4000 K), retaining over 80% PCE of control devices fabricated by spin-coating and thermal evaporation. This work addresses the key challenges faced in scalable solution-processed perovskite IPV production, offering a pathway to transition from lab research to industrial production.