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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

Condylar volume changes in class II division 2 cases treated with unlocking the mandible using clear aligners.

Hanie Morsi¹, Karla Carpio Horta¹, William Wiltshire²

¹Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists

|June 8, 2025

Summary

Invisalign® treatment for Class II Division 2 malocclusion did not significantly impact condylar volume changes, which were attributed to normal growth. Malocclusion correction success was not correlated with condylar volume increase.

Keywords:

Class II Clear Aligners Condylar Volume Invisalign Unlocking of the Mandible

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Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Craniofacial Biology
Biomaterials

Background:

Class II Division 2 malocclusion is characterized by retroclined maxillary incisors and deep overbite.
Mandibular retrusion often accompanies this malocclusion.
Treatment involves "unlocking" the mandible via maxillary incisor proclination, deep bite correction, and maxillary expansion.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate three-dimensional changes in condylar volume after using Invisalign® clear aligners to "unlock" the mandible in growing patients with Class II Division 2 malocclusion.
To determine if Invisalign® treatment influences condylar volume.
To assess the correlation between condylar volume changes and malocclusion correction.

Main Methods:

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data from 22 adolescent patients (11 treatment, 11 control) were analyzed at pre-treatment (T1) and 1.5-2 years post-treatment (T2).
Dolphin imaging software facilitated cephalometric tracing.
3D Slicer and ITK-SNAP software were used to calculate condylar volume.
Repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient were employed for statistical analysis.

Main Results:

Both the treatment and control groups exhibited significant increases in condylar volume from T1 to T2.
No significant differences in condylar volume were observed between the groups at T1 or T2.
The change in ANB angle did not correlate with the increase in condylar volume in the treatment group.

Conclusions:

"Unlocking" the mandible using Invisalign® effectively corrected Class II Division 2 malocclusion.
Observed condylar volume increases in both groups were likely a result of normal adolescent growth, not the orthodontic treatment.
Condylar volume changes were not correlated with the degree of malocclusion correction achieved.