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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...

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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

Metal-Nitrogen Batteries: Emerging and Promising Models for Energy Conversion/Storage System and Simultaneous NH₃

Runlin Xia¹, Yuxuan Zhou¹, Shengjing Li¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Element-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, NanSSkai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.

|June 9, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New metal-nitrogen batteries convert electrical energy to produce ammonia, combining synthesis with energy storage. This review summarizes advancements, components, and future directions for efficient, green ammonia production.

Keywords:

ammonia synthesis electrocatalysis electroreduction reaction metal–nitrogen battery

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Catalysis

Background:

Metal-nitrogen (M-N) batteries are emerging systems for ammonia synthesis.
These batteries transform traditional catalytic systems into energy-producing devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in M-N batteries for ammonia (NH3) synthesis and energy conversion/storage.
To categorize M-N battery systems and discuss performance-enhancing strategies.

Main Methods:

Summarization of existing research on M-N battery components, including anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and separators.
Comparison of electrochemical and electrocatalytic performance across different M-N battery types.
Analysis of strategies for improving electrode materials, reaction pathways, and device optimization.

Main Results:

Three categories of M-N batteries are identified: M-N2 for N2 fixation, M-N2/NO, and M-NO3-/NO2- for NH3 synthesis.
Various strategies for enhancing M-N battery performance are discussed, focusing on material design and device optimization.

Conclusions:

M-N batteries show promise for green ammonia production and energy storage.
Future development should focus on high-energy-density and superior performance for practical applications and a green nitrogen economy.