Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Simulator Training for Endovascular Neurosurgery
Published on: May 6, 2020
Simulation Training in Cardiovascular Medicine-The Past, Present, and Future: An Updated Comprehensive Overview
Mark W Abdelnour1, Eric Zuniga1, Issam D Moussa2
1Mary & Steve Wen Cardiovascular Division, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
None:
Simulation is an essential component of training in multiple fields, including aviation, and has gained particular interest in medical education, especially within cardiovascular medicine. Societies and institutions have supported the incorporation of simulators in medical education. However, its use has been limited chiefly to individual efforts without clear guidelines on best practices. This article highlights key events in healthcare simulation history and its development. We also discuss recent studies on the effectiveness of simulation training in different cardiovascular disciplines, such as interventional cardiology, cardiac imaging, cardiac electrophysiology, and pericardiocentesis. We review the challenges of simulation training and provide key recommendations to improve the utilization of simulators in training programs, in addition to other roles of simulators in healthcare, from quality improvement initiatives to personalized medicine through preprocedural planning.
Related Concept Videos
Overview of the Cardiovascular System
Heart
The heart is the central pump of the cardiovascular system that circulates blood throughout the body. It comprises two atria receiving the blood and two ventricles pumping blood out of the heart. Their rhythmic contractions, called heartbeats, ensure that blood flow remains continuous.
Blood Vessels
Blood...
Exercise and Cardiac Output
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
Exercise Stress Test
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...

