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Related Concept Videos

Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
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Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in Field Defects During Progression to Colon Cancer
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Evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of mismatch repair genes product in colorectal carcinoma and its

Dhefaf S Mohammed1, Ikram A Hasan2

  • 1Department of Histopathology, Teaching Laboratories, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.

Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology
|June 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer is linked to younger patients and mucinous carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) effectively detects MSI, aiding treatment decisions for colorectal carcinoma (CRC).

Keywords:
Colorectal carcinomaimmunohistochemistrymismatch repair proteins

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Colorectal Cancer Cell Surface Protein Profiling Using an Antibody Microarray and Fluorescence Multiplexing
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Pathology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a complex disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Microsatellite instability (MSI), resulting from DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein mutations, is a key molecular alteration in CRC.
  • MMR proteins include MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of MMR proteins in Iraqi CRC patients.
  • To correlate MMR protein expression with clinicopathological features of colorectal carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of 35 CRC patient tissue samples (January 2023 - January 2024).
  • Immunohistochemical staining was performed using MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 markers on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

Main Results:

  • Six cases (17.12%) exhibited MSI, characterized by loss of MSH6 or combined loss of MLH1 and MSH2.
  • MSI cases were predominantly younger than 50, with a higher prevalence in females and association with mucinous carcinoma.
  • Significant findings included T3 stage, nodal metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion in MSI cases.

Conclusions:

  • MSI in colorectal carcinoma shows a strong association with younger age and mucinous histology.
  • The combined loss of MLH1 and MSH2 was the most statistically significant finding among MMR protein losses.
  • IHC is a valuable tool for determining MSI status, guiding oncologists in CRC treatment strategies, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy.