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Updated: Jun 12, 2025
A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life After Sport-Related Injury in Youth Athletes: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Rajiv Verma1, Alexandria Render2, Mario Ramirez2
1Endeavor Health, Glenview, Illinois, USA.
Background:
Long-term effects of sport-related injury (SRI) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young athletes are unknown.
Purposes:
To compare 2-year long-term HRQoL outcomes between injured young athletes and available normative data for healthy youth (NDHY) and evaluate these outcomes by sex, age, surgical status, and sport attrition status.
Study Design:
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Patients ages 8 to 18 years who presented to 1 of 3 sports medicine clinics with SRI were included in the study. Baseline sport and injury history were collected. HRQoL was measured at 1, 12, and 24 months after injury via the PROMIS Pediatric-25 v2.0. Six HRQoL domains were analyzed by injury type (acute, overuse, concussion) with a mixed model for repeated measures. Scores >0.5 standard deviations from the reference mean were considered statistically significant.
Results:
357 patients completed baseline surveys (36% male, 64% female; mean age, 14.4 years) at 1 month after injury. There were 119 (33.3%) acute injuries, 42 (11.8%) concussions, and 196 (54.9%) overuse injuries. Of the sample, 336 (94.2%) were athletes and 21 (5.8%) were nonathletes. Cohort retention was 64% (228/357) at 12 months and 35% (126/357) at 24 months. Patients with overuse injury showed worse mobility at 1 month after injury compared with NDHY (mean [95% CI], 44.4 [43.1-45.6]), with resolution of this finding at 12- and 24-month follow-up (50.8 [48.9-52.7] and 51.8 [49.4-54.2], respectively). Patients who were older, were female, quit sport, or underwent surgery showed worse mobility compared with NDHY at 1 month after injury (44.0 [41.9-46.1], 44.7 [43.5-45.9], 40.8 [38.4-43.2], 34.3 [30.6-37.9], respectively), with similar resolution at 12- and 24-month follow-up. Female patients showed worse anxiety/fear, depression/sadness, and pain interference than male patients at 1-month follow-up (P = .002, P = .001, and P = .021, respectively), 12-month follow-up (P < .001, P = .001, P = .009), and 24-month follow-up (P≤ .001, P = .001, P≤ .001) but were no worse than NDHY at 12- and 24-month follow-up.
Conclusion:
SRI in youth athletes does not negatively affect long-term HRQoL outcomes 24 months after injury. Female sex was found to be associated with worse short- and long-term HRQoL outcomes.
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