Technologies for detecting biological risk factors in agricultural products and their applications

Agricultural products are crucial to human survival and development. However, during every stage of production, from planting, growing, and harvesting to transportation and storage, products are at risk of infection by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, and other biological factors. Accordingly, rapid and accurate detection of biological risks and effective risk monitoring are urgently required to ensure food safety and effective epidemic control. This review discusses the hazards associated with various biological risk factors for agricultural production. It also synthesizes cutting-edge research on detection technologies for identified risk factors, including nucleic acid amplification, immunoassay, biosensing, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy. Each method's advantages, current challenges, and future applications are described. This study enhances our understanding of the risk factors in agricultural production and offers a valuable reference for the enhancement of detection technologies.