Congenital deafness: from screening to management

Area of Science:

• Otolaryngology
• Genetics
• Public Health

Background:

• Congenital deafness is a significant global health issue impacting communication and social integration.
• Prevalence varies due to genetic and environmental factors, with complex pathophysiological origins.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of congenital deafness.
• To cover epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostics, management, and future research directions.

Main Methods:

• Multidisciplinary diagnostic approaches including audiological, genetic, and imaging assessments.
• Review of current management strategies: hearing aids, cochlear implants, therapies, and educational support.
• Emphasis on universal newborn hearing screening programs for early detection.

Main Results:

• Epidemiological data indicate variable prevalence influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
• Pathophysiology involves auditory system abnormalities from genetic mutations, infections, or ototoxic exposures.
• Early intervention is critical, though screening program disparities exist.

Conclusions:

• Early detection and intervention are vital for managing congenital deafness.
• Future research should explore genetic/environmental factors and innovative screening/intervention strategies.
• Collaboration among professionals, policymakers, and educators is essential for equitable care.