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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Group Design02:01

Group Design

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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
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Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
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The PRIMERO birth cohort: Design and baseline characteristics.

Jonathan I Witonsky1, Jennifer R Elhawary2, Celeste Eng2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Global
|June 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Puerto Rican children in the PRIMERO study are being monitored for early-life respiratory illnesses (RIs) and asthma development. This research investigates the link between RIs and asthma in a high-risk population.

Keywords:
Childhood asthmaPuerto Ricobirth cohortgene–environment interactionshealth disparitiesrespiratory illnesstranscriptomicsviral pathogen detection

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Respiratory Medicine
  • Environmental Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Early-life respiratory illnesses (RIs) are associated with childhood asthma, but the causal relationship remains unclear.
  • Puerto Rican children experience a high burden of both RIs and asthma, making them a key population for this research.
  • Investigating whether RIs predispose children to asthma or if they are co-occurring conditions is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the design and baseline characteristics of the Puerto Rican Infant Metagenomic and Epidemiologic Study of Respiratory Outcomes (PRIMERO) birth cohort.
  • To examine the role of respiratory viruses in the development of RIs and asthma.
  • To understand the early-life determinants and mechanisms of virus-related asthma.

Main Methods:

  • Recruitment of pregnant women at a specific hospital in Caguas, Puerto Rico.
  • Collection of clinical, social, and environmental data via questionnaires at birth and annual follow-ups.
  • Collection of various biospecimens including maternal blood, infant cord blood, infant blood at year 2, and nasal airway epithelium samples over 5 years.

Main Results:

  • 2,100 mother-child dyads enrolled between February 2020 and June 2023.
  • High participant retention (2,069 active) with robust biospecimen and visit participation.
  • Surveillance identified 6,076 RIs, with 38.4% affecting the lower respiratory tract.

Conclusions:

  • The PRIMERO birth cohort provides a unique dataset for studying virus-related asthma development.
  • Comprehensive data on viral exposures, respiratory outcomes, and airway molecular phenotypes are available.
  • The study is well-positioned to address critical questions about early-life determinants of asthma in a high-risk population.