Neural mechanism of dopamine modulating singing related behavior in songbirds: an updated review

Similar to human language, songbird singing is a complex motor skill learning behavior that is regulated by an interconnected network of neural nuclei in the brain. This network of nuclei demonstrates structural homology with human vocal control-related brain regions and shares common regulatory mechanisms for vocal learning. As an important neurotransmitter, dopamine plays a key role in the learning and maintenance of songbirds' singing behavior. Studies have demonstrated that the dopaminergic system plays a critical role in regulating the plasticity of singing via the midbrain dopamine pathway, which projects to the song control circuit. Novel experimental techniques, such as optogenetic circuit manipulation and neural activity monitoring, have significantly advanced our understanding of the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying vocalization behavior of dopamine effects. This review offers an updated insight into the neural mechanisms by which dopamine modulates singing-related behavior, along with future prospects for utilizing dopamine in the treatment of speech-related disorders.