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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors01:20

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors

Modified-release drug delivery systems are designed to optimize the therapeutic effect of drugs by minimizing side effects, reducing the dosage required, and controlling drug release to align with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic needs. The system depends on two key factors: the drug's release from the formulation and its movement through the body to the target site. Unlike conventional dosage forms, where absorption is the limiting step, the rate of drug release is the key determinant in...
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Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Curcuminoid-Linked Lemon-Derived Carbon Dots for pH-Triggered Drug Release.

Priyanka Mathur1, Meera Mori1, Foram Patel2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India.

ACS Omega
|June 9, 2025
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Lemon-derived carbon dots (LCDs) linked with curcuminoids create novel supramolecular architectures for bioimaging and drug delivery. These curcuminoid-linked lemon carbon dots (CL-LCDs) show promise for targeted cancer therapy and tumor visualization.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Carbon dots derived from natural sources like lemons offer sustainable building blocks for advanced materials.
  • Curcuminoids, natural compounds with optical properties, can be utilized to functionalize nanomaterials.
  • Supramolecular architectures are crucial for developing targeted drug delivery systems and advanced imaging agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize supramolecular architectures using lemon-derived carbon dots (LCDs) and curcuminoids.
  • To evaluate the potential of these architectures for bioimaging and drug delivery applications.
  • To investigate the anticancer activity and drug release profiles of methotrexate-loaded CL-LCDs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of curcuminoid-linked lemon carbon dots (CL-LCDs) via ester linkage.
  • Characterization of CL-LCDs using High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM).
  • Encapsulation of methotrexate (MTX) and evaluation of its sustained release under different pH conditions.
  • Assessment of anticancer activity against HeLa cells and photoluminescence recovery post-drug release.

Main Results:

  • CL-LCDs-1 exhibited suitable optical characteristics for bioimaging applications.
  • All CL-LCD derivatives were approximately 10 nm in size, suitable for drug delivery.
  • Methotrexate-loaded CL-LCDs demonstrated sustained drug release, with CL-LCDs-3 showing 27.50% release at pH 5.5 after 7 days.
  • MTX-loaded CL-LCDs-1 displayed significant anticancer activity against HeLa cells, with recovered photoluminescence after drug release.

Conclusions:

  • Curcuminoid-linked lemon carbon dots form effective supramolecular architectures for dual bioimaging and drug delivery.
  • The developed CL-LCDs show potential for targeted anticancer therapy and real-time tumor imaging.
  • The sustainable origin and versatile properties of CL-LCDs highlight their promise in nanomedicine.