Development of Survey Measures of Uncontrolled Vaping and Vaping Restraint

Some e-cigarette users experience uncontrolled vaping, defined as using vapes more than preferred. Because validated measures of this experience are lacking, this study aimed to develop and validate scales measuring uncontrolled vaping and vaping restraint among US adults and youth.

We developed new survey measures of uncontrolled vaping and vaping restraint based on qualitative research and refined them after cognitive interviews. In Study 1, we used data from a convenience sample of 950 US adult e-cigarette users to establish psychometrically sound scales. In Study 2, we used data from a nationally representative sample of 1,138 US adolescents and adults to finalize the scales.

Study 1 produced reliable scales for uncontrolled vaping perception (five items), uncontrolled vaping consequences (four items), and vaping restraint (four items) (αs = .87-.93). Convergent and criterion validity were demonstrated by stronger associations of uncontrolled vaping with use behaviors (median r = .65 vs. .39) and somewhat weaker associations with measures of limiting use (median r = .44 vs. .51). Higher vaping restraint scores were associated with measures of limiting use (r = .46 to .59) and quit intentions (r = .23 to .48). Study 2 confirmed these results and further refined the scales to three items each.

The newly developed scales for uncontrolled vaping and vaping restraint demonstrated sound psychometric properties in both convenience and nationally representative samples. These measures can inform e-cigarette regulatory actions and guide the development of vaping management and cessation approaches.

This study introduces reliable and valid scales to measure uncontrolled vaping perceptions, uncontrolled vaping consequences, and vaping restraint among e-cigarette users. These tools provide a nuanced understanding of vaping behaviors, distinguishing internal perceptions of overuse from external consequences such as feedback from others or interference with daily activities. By capturing these dimensions, the scales offer insights beyond traditional nicotine dependence measures, supporting research and interventions tailored to vaping-specific challenges. The findings highlight the importance of addressing uncontrolled vaping through regulatory and clinical efforts, informing strategies to reduce excessive vaping, and promoting self-regulation among e-cigarette users.