Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

938
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
938
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

1.2K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
1.2K
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

2.6K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
2.6K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

704
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
704
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

74.3K
Overview
74.3K
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

4.3K
Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Differential cytokine architecture in patients treated with CART19 versus CART22.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2026
Same author

Aberrant STAT signaling and T cell dysregulation define a targetable pediatric sepsis endotype.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

T cell dysregulation and remodeling in pediatric obesity and weight loss.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

T-cell lymphoma-associated STAT3 variants impose a type 1 regulatory-like phenotype.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Multi-omic profiling reveals age-related immune dynamics in healthy adults.

Nature·2026
Same author

Arterial Catheter-Associated Proximal Ischemic Injury in Critically Ill Children: Evidence of Endothelial Dysfunction and Immune Dysregulation.

Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

17.3K

Targeting Complex Cutaneous Viral Infections in Search of Inborn Errors of Immunity.

Ana Paula Do Carmo1, Amanda R Battle1, Nyla T Melo Lobao Fragnan2

  • 1Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.

Acta Dermato-Venereologica
|June 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Persistent skin infections like warts may signal underlying immune system problems. This study proposes criteria to identify patients needing further evaluation for inborn errors of immunity.

More Related Videos

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

10.6K
Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

16.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

17.3K
Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

10.6K
Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

16.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are rare conditions often presenting with skin issues.
  • Dermatological manifestations occur in 50-80% of individuals with IEI.
  • Cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can be challenging to treat and may indicate immune dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate difficult-to-treat cutaneous HPV infections.
  • To identify associations between these infections and immunological defects.
  • To propose criteria for identifying patients with warts who require further investigation for IEI.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 632 patient records from a Dermatological Outpatient Clinic.
  • Inclusion criteria: severe/persistent warts (common warts, molluscum contagiosum, flat warts) resistant to therapy.
  • Selection of 6 patients for immunological evaluation based on clinical criteria and questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • Immunological testing revealed neutropenia, low immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgM, IgG), and reduced lymphocyte subsets in selected patients.
  • Family history, specific wart types (flat warts), and recurrent viral infections were indicators for further immunological assessment.
  • 6 out of 173 evaluated patients met criteria for further immunological investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Difficult-to-treat cutaneous warts can be a sign of underlying inborn errors of immunity.
  • Specific clinical features and patient history can prompt further immunological evaluation.
  • Proposed criteria may aid in the early identification of IEI in patients with recalcitrant warts.