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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Open Frameworks Materials for Nitrogen Electrofixation to Ammonia, Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Shihai Cao1, Jingyu Lu2, Yuntong Sun3

  • 1Schsool of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 9, 2025
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Summary

Open framework materials (OFMs) show promise for sustainable ammonia synthesis via electrochemical nitrogen reduction (eNRR). This review details OFM design strategies and challenges for efficient, scalable ammonia production.

Keywords:
ammoniacovalent‐organic frameworkselectrocatalysismetal‐organic frameworksnitrogen reduction reactionopen frameworks materials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Electrochemical nitrogen reduction (eNRR) presents a sustainable alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia (NH3) synthesis.
  • Open framework materials (OFMs), including covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are promising for eNRR due to their tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in OFMs for eNRR.
  • To analyze strategies for designing and optimizing OFMs for ammonia synthesis.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for industrial application.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing recent literature on OFMs for eNRR.
  • Analyzing strategies for active site design, pore structure regulation, conductivity enhancement, surface functionalization, and interface engineering.
  • Critically evaluating challenges such as structural instability and scalability.

Main Results:

  • OFMs offer modular structures, tunable porosity, and adaptable functionalities for eNRR.
  • Key strategies involve optimizing active centers, pore structures, conductivity, and interfaces.
  • Challenges include stability, conductivity, and scalable synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • OFMs hold significant potential for sustainable ammonia production via eNRR.
  • Advanced characterization, theoretical modeling, and machine learning are crucial for overcoming limitations.
  • Further research is needed for industrial-scale application of OFMs in eNRR.