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A comprehensive analysis of the effects of psychological control among siblings: A multilevel family-based study

Esin Sener¹, Berna Aytac²

¹Department of Health Care Services, Yunus Emre Vocational School, Anadolu University.

Journal of Family Psychology : JFP : Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)

|June 9, 2025

Abstract:

Research consistently highlights that psychological control may damage the healthy development of adolescents. The present study attempts to enhance this knowledge within a synthesis of family systems theory and behavioral genetics perspective through a sibling design and multilevel analysis. Accordingly, we modeled the predictive role of psychological control on siblings' problem behaviors. In the model, we also simultaneously explored the associations between adolescent characteristics (e.g., gender and birth order), family characteristics (e.g., parents' psychological well-being, household chaos, and family income), and family-wide and child-specific (differential) aspects of psychological control with siblings' problem behaviors. The sample consisted of 303 families in Turkey, and we recruited a total of 1,121 participants, subsuming mothers (M_age = 41.26 years, SD = 4.19), fathers (M_age = 45.01, SD = 4.59), older siblings (M_age = 16.19, SD = 1.60), and younger siblings (M_age = 12.54, SD = 1.71). Multilevel modeling analysis yielded that adolescents' externalizing problems were significantly predicted by differential psychological control, family-wide psychological control, and household chaos in the mother model; differential psychological control and household chaos in the father model. Moreover, we discovered that what significantly predicted adolescents' internalizing problems was common in the mother and father models: the adolescent's gender and family income. Overall, our findings underscore the overreaching significance of investigating the developmental consequences of psychological control (a) with other family system characteristics, (b) for both parents, and (c) by separating family-wide and child-specific parenting. We believe that our findings would contribute to a family-based understanding of the outcomes of psychological control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

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