The phenomenon of bereavement anniversary reactions: An integrative systematic review

Theories of grief describe a dynamic process in which an individual oscillates between loss orientation and restoration. However, the phenomenon of bereavement anniversary reactions has not been described comprehensively. We summarized the findings from case reports and research evidence describing grief reactions, psychopathology, mortality, and anniversary mourning practices and interventions reporting on anniversary reactions after any cause of bereavement. We identified 58 eligible articles (case reports; qualitative studies; quantitative studies). We summarized i) available definitions and terminologies used for bereavement anniversary reactions, as applied to death anniversaries, birthdays, and other significant occasions, ii) the occurrence of specific grief responses, physical symptoms, psychopathology, and increased mortality occurring around bereavement anniversaries, noted particularly in women, and iii) specific mourning practices and interventions described around bereavement anniversaries, noting positive and negative aspects. Despite its heterogeneity, the literature supports the phenomenon of a bereavement anniversary reaction, constituting physical and psychological reactions and elevated mortality.