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  3. Diagnosing Confounded Bateman Gradients.
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  3. Diagnosing Confounded Bateman Gradients.

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Diagnosing confounded Bateman gradients.

Krish Sanghvi1, Jonathan M Henshaw2, Alex Kacelnik1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 9, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Bateman gradient, a key sexual selection metric, can be misleading. Covariances with female traits, not ejaculate traits, most strongly confound male Bateman gradients, especially in high anisogamy systems.

Keywords:
anisogamycryptic female choicepolyandrysexual selectionsperm competitiontheoretical biology

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Sexual Selection
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • The Bateman gradient quantifies the fitness benefits of increased mating success.
  • Confounding factors can misrepresent the strength of precopulatory sexual selection.
  • Understanding these confounders across diverse biological systems is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different covariances confound the male Bateman gradient.
  • To identify which covariates are most problematic.
  • To offer methods for diagnosing and interpreting confounded Bateman gradients.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation of 9 biological scenarios with confounded male mating success and reproductive success.
  • Analysis of covariances between mating success and female fecundity, egg allocation, or ejaculate traits.
  • Exploration of the impact of anisogamy and sperm competition levels.

    • Main Results:

    • Covariances with female fecundity/egg allocation confound male Bateman gradients more than ejaculate traits.
    • This effect is pronounced in systems with high anisogamy and no sperm competition.
    • Partial Bateman gradients improve interpretation when covariates are confounders.

    Conclusions:

    • Female fecundity and egg allocation are significant confounders of the male Bateman gradient.
    • Empirical researchers should consider mating order and state causal assumptions.
    • Partial Bateman gradients offer a more accurate measure of precopulatory sexual selection when confounding occurs.