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Published on: June 9, 2014
Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia
Yuke Wang1, Yang Yang2, Crystal M Slanzi3
1Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
Insights
Infants in Ethiopia are exposed to E. coli through food, breastfeeding, and soil. Exposure pathways shift as infants grow, highlighting the need for targeted hygiene and food safety interventions to prevent enteric infections.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases
- Global Health
Background:
- Enteric infections are a major health concern for children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
- Limited understanding exists regarding infant exposure pathways to enteric pathogens in LMICs.
- Identifying specific exposure routes is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically evaluate infant exposure to Escherichia coli (E. coli) via various pathways in rural Ethiopia.
- To quantify the contribution of different exposure routes to overall E. coli exposure in infants.
- To understand how infant behavior and age influence exposure pathways.
Main Methods:
- Structured behavioral observations of 79 infants (4-8 and 11-15 months) over 1300 hours.
- Collection and E. coli testing of 1338 environmental samples from infant contact interfaces.
- Application of statistical models (competing hazard, Poisson point process, lognormal distribution) and an agent-based exposure model.
Main Results:
- Infant behavior significantly altered the importance of exposure pathways with age.
- Increased touching behavior, soil-pica, solid food consumption, and ground contact observed at older age.
- Major E. coli exposure sources were food and breastfeeding (4-8 months) and food and soil (11-15 months).
Conclusions:
- Infant exposure to E. coli shifts from breastfeeding/food to food/soil as they age.
- Interventions should focus on food safety, caregiver hygiene, and risks associated with soil-pica.
- Findings inform targeted strategies to reduce infant exposure to fecal indicator bacteria and enteric infections.
Abstract:
In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), enteric infections pose a significant threat to children's health. However, understanding the specifics of when, where, and how young children in LMICs are exposed to enteric pathogens and the roles of animal reservoirs, environmental media, and human hosts play during exposure remains limited. This study systematically evaluates infants' exposure to E. coli through various pathways in the rural Haramaya woreda of Ethiopia. Between June 2021 and June 2022, we conducted over 1300 hours of structured behavioral observations on 79 infants when aged 4-8 months (Timepoint 1) and 11-15 months (Timepoint 2). Enumerators recorded the infant's behavior related to exposure, including when and where it occurred, using a data collection system for behavioral data (Countee). Concurrently, we collected 1338 environmental samples from key contact interfaces between infants, other people, and the environment to test for E. coli. We used a competing hazard model for duration-based behaviors, an inhomogeneous Poisson point process model for frequency-based behaviors, and a left-censored lognormal distribution model for E. coli contamination levels. The behavioral and environmental information was then integrated into an agent-based exposure model framework to quantify the exposure to E. coli through different pathways. The infant behavior, which altered the relative importance of different exposure pathways, changed as children grew older. Notably, we observed increased rates of touching behavior (e.g., touching fomites) and soil-pica, increased consumption of solid food, and more time spent on the bare ground at Timepoint 2. The major sources of exposure to E. coli were food and breastfeeding at Timepoint 1 and food and soil at Timepoint 2. This study provides insights for interventions to minimize infants' risk of exposure to fecal indicator bacteria, E. coli, and subsequent risk of enteric infections, including improved food handling practices, enhanced personal hygiene for breastfeeding caregivers, and education on the risk of soil-pica.
