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Neuroparasitic infections: imaging features and diagnostic algorithms.

Quayd Robertson1, Martin Ferraro2, Xiaoxi Chen3

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States.

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Summary

Neuroparasitic infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are a growing global health concern. This review details 12 common neuroparasitic diseases, aiding diagnosis through imaging and clinical data.

Keywords:
globalhelminthinfectioninternationalmetazoaneuroimagingparasiteprotozoatropicalworm

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Neuroparasitic infections pose a significant global health challenge, exacerbated by international travel, climate change, and rising immunosuppression.
  • These infections affect the central nervous system (CNS), necessitating accurate and timely diagnosis for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of 12 leading neuroparasitic infections affecting the CNS.
  • To illustrate key radiologic findings and diagnostic approaches for these diverse disorders.
  • To offer a practical flowchart for differentiating neuroparasitic entities based on integrated clinical and imaging data.

Main Methods:

  • International collaboration of radiologists across multiple continents.
  • Literature review focusing on geographic distribution, life cycles, diagnostic testing, and imaging findings.
  • Inclusion of exemplary radiologic cases for 12 specific neuroparasitic infections.

Main Results:

  • Detailed descriptions of 12 neuroparasitic infections including amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, paragonimiasis, neurocysticercosis, hydatidosis, sparganosis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, and myiasis.
  • Emphasis on the role of non-invasive medical imaging, exposure history, and laboratory testing in diagnosis.
  • Presentation of a master flowchart to aid in distinguishing these infections.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of neuroparasitic infections requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical, laboratory, and imaging data.
  • Timely diagnosis and appropriate therapy are crucial for improving patient outcomes in neuroparasitic CNS diseases.
  • This review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians and radiologists managing these complex infections.