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Related Concept Videos

Condensins02:15

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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Mitotic genome folding.

Tatsuya Hirano1

  • 1Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Japan.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|June 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitotic genome folding, essential for cell division, is now understood to involve a core set of proteins including condensins, topoisomerase II, and histones. These components dynamically interact to organize DNA into compact chromosomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitotic genome folding, or chromosome assembly, is crucial for accurate genetic material segregation during cell division.
  • The traditional view posited numerous protein factors, but recent research suggests a simpler core mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding mitotic genome folding.
  • To emphasize the mechanistic aspects of chromosome assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on mitotic genome folding.
  • Focus on the roles of key structural components.

Main Results:

  • Mitotic genome folding involves a dynamic interplay of condensins, topoisomerase II (topo II), and histones.
  • Condensins and topo II actively form and loop DNA, accumulating in chromosome axes.
  • Nucleosomes and linker histones compact DNA loops, interacting with ATPases.

Conclusions:

  • The conventional view of complex mitotic genome folding is being revised.
  • A limited set of structural proteins drives the core process of chromosome assembly.