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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

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Published on: September 23, 2018

Two-Dimensional One-Atom-Thick Gold Grown on Defect-Engineered Graphene.

Wael Joudi^1,2, Sadegh Ghaderzadeh³, Alberto Trentino^1,2

¹Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

|June 10, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a method to create one-atom-thick metal layers, called metallene, on graphene using ion irradiation. Vacancies in graphene act as nucleation sites, enabling controlled growth of these novel 2D materials.

Keywords:

2D gold 2D metal goldene graphene metallene transmission electron microscopy ultralow-energy ion irradiation

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Surface Science

Background:

Graphene is a 2D material with unique electronic properties.
Creating stable, atomically thin metal layers on graphene is challenging.
Defects in graphene can influence material deposition and growth.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and demonstrate a general route for synthesizing two-dimensional, one-atom-thick metal layers (metallene) on functionalized graphene.
To investigate the role of graphene vacancies in the nucleation and growth of these metal layers.
To characterize the structure and stability of the synthesized metallene.

Main Methods:

Low-energy ion irradiation to create vacancies in graphene.
Ultralow-energy gold irradiation for atom deposition.
Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) for structural analysis.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for chemical characterization.
Ab initio simulations to understand the formation mechanism.

Main Results:

Graphene vacancies serve as anchoring points for gold atoms, promoting the growth of atomically thin gold nanoplatelets.
The thickness and diameter of gold flakes are controllable via gold ion fluence.
Small gold structures form a one-atom-thick hexagonal lattice, while larger platelets can be multi-layered.
Metallene flakes exhibit metastability under electron irradiation, showing dynamic behavior like rotation and atom movement.
A reversible transformation between flat monolayer and 3D amorphous gold clusters was observed.

Conclusions:

A viable method for creating metallene on graphene using ion irradiation and vacancy engineering is established.
The study provides fundamental insights into the growth dynamics and structural properties of 2D metal layers on defective graphene.
The findings open possibilities for designing novel 2D materials with tunable properties for various applications.