Synthesis of 2D Tungsten disulphide WS₂ for biosensing: a unique perspective on emerging applications

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have garnered momentous consideration owing to their inimitable structural and physiochemical properties, enabling diverse technological applications. Tungsten disulfide (WS₂), a prominent transition metal dichalcogenide, exhibits exceptional characteristics such as a tunable bandgap, large surface area, and strong biocompatibility, making it highly suitable for biosensing applications. This review explores various WS₂ synthesis techniques, including mechanical exfoliation, sonication, and chemical exfoliation, highlighting their impact on nanosheet quality and scalability. Furthermore, it examines WS₂'s role in biosensing, particularly in cancer biomarker detection, DNA/RNA sensing, enzyme activity monitoring, and pathogen identification. Despite its promising applications, challenges such as oxidation, long-term stability, and large-scale synthesis persist. Future advancements in hybrid nanostructures, functionalization techniques, and AI-assisted biosensing are expected to enhance WS₂'s reliability and expand its practical deployment. By addressing these challenges, WS₂-based technologies can drive significant innovations in diagnostics and environmental monitoring.