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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

107
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
107
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

196
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
196
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

151
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
151
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

383
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
383
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

591
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
591

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Remimazolam in neuroanesthesia.

Igor Abramovich1, Chanhung Z Lee1, Federico Bilotta2

  • 1Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|June 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Remimazolam shows promise in neuroanesthesia for stable hemodynamics and rapid recovery. Further research is needed to confirm its long-term safety and efficacy across patient groups.

Keywords:
anestheticsneuroanesthesiaremimazolam

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Remimazolam is an emerging ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine with potential applications in neuroanesthesia.
  • Current literature suggests potential benefits but also highlights areas of uncertainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the latest evidence on remimazolam's hemodynamic effects, neurophysiological monitoring compatibility, and recovery profile in neuroanesthesia.
  • To identify research gaps and clinical uncertainties regarding its use.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials and case reports.
  • Analysis of hemodynamic parameters, bispectral index (BIS) readings, and recovery times.
  • Assessment of safety data and effectiveness in diverse patient populations.

Main Results:

  • Remimazolam may reduce hypotension and vasopressor use, facilitating quicker emergence, particularly with flumazenil reversal.
  • Higher BIS readings at equivalent sedation levels warrant further investigation into monitoring accuracy.
  • Long-term safety, effectiveness in varied populations, tolerance, and standardized dosing require more data.

Conclusions:

  • Remimazolam demonstrates potential for favorable hemodynamics and rapid recovery in neuroanesthesia.
  • High-quality, multicenter trials with standardized methods are essential for definitive conclusions.
  • Clinicians should use remimazolam cautiously, informed by evolving safety and efficacy data.