Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

5.9K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
5.9K
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

6.1K
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
6.1K
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

538
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
538
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

46.5K
In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
46.5K
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

6.3K
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
6.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluating the Effect on Emmetropization of the Timing and Spectrum of Breaks From a Myopiagenic Environment.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026
Same author

S-Cone Retinal Pathway Dysfunction in Myopia.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026
Same author

Measuring electroretinograms in tree shrews with a portable electrophysiology device.

Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology·2026
Same author

Association and Multimodal Model of Retinal Mid-Peripheral Capillary Free Zones with Structural and Functional Parameters in Diabetic Patients Without Clinical Retinopathy.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026
Same author

Comment on: "Current and emerging strategies for myopia control: a narrative review of optical, pharmacological, behavioural, and adjunctive therapies".

Eye (London, England)·2026
Same author

Optical coherence elastography detects increased corneal stiffness in nonhuman primates with experimental glaucoma.

Journal of biomedical optics·2025
Same journal

Computational and mathematical models in vision: Quantitative approaches to understanding visual perception.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Complex interactions between lightness, chroma, and hue in color ensemble perception.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Driving with autism spectrum disorder: Exploring the impact of tactile hazard warnings on gaze behavior and hazard responses.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Early visual processing in adults with ADHD: evidence from contrast sensitivity, spatial integration, and external noise.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Pupil reflexes generate the peripheral drift illusion due to ON/OFF motion responses.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Perceived direction of glass patterns can flip by 90°: A neural model.

Vision research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Cone-Enriched Cultures from the Retina of Chicken Embryos to Study Rod to Cone Cellular Interactions
08:04

Cone-Enriched Cultures from the Retina of Chicken Embryos to Study Rod to Cone Cellular Interactions

Published on: March 20, 2021

3.5K

Human trichromacy and refractive development.

Timothy J Gawne1, Zhihui She2, Safal Khanal1

  • 1Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), USA.

Vision Research
|June 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human emmetropization, the process of sharp focus development, appears functionally dichromatic, similar to mammals. Trichromacy is not essential for refractive development, suggesting chromatic cues play a key role.

More Related Videos

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas
11:58

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

Published on: November 14, 2012

25.2K
Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel’s Cartilage
06:40

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel’s Cartilage

Published on: October 21, 2015

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Cone-Enriched Cultures from the Retina of Chicken Embryos to Study Rod to Cone Cellular Interactions
08:04

Cone-Enriched Cultures from the Retina of Chicken Embryos to Study Rod to Cone Cellular Interactions

Published on: March 20, 2021

3.5K
Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas
11:58

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

Published on: November 14, 2012

25.2K
Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel’s Cartilage
06:40

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel’s Cartilage

Published on: October 21, 2015

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Visual Neuroscience

Background:

  • Emmetropization is an active developmental process where the neural retina uses optical cues to achieve and maintain sharp focus.
  • Chromatic cues are increasingly recognized as essential for emmetropization.
  • Most mammals are dichromats, while humans are typically trichromats, raising questions about species-specific refractive development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of trichromacy in human emmetropization.
  • To determine if experimental findings from dichromatic mammals are applicable to human refractive development.
  • To explore the relationship between color vision and myopia development in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of emmetropization processes in dichromatic and trichromatic individuals.
  • Review of existing experimental data on refractive development and color vision.
  • Examination of myopia prevalence in human dichromats versus trichromats.

Main Results:

  • Human emmetropization appears to function dichromatically, with medium- and long-wavelength cones effectively pooled.
  • Human dichromats and trichromats exhibit similar emmetropization capabilities and myopia progression.
  • Trichromacy is not fundamentally crucial for human refractive development.

Conclusions:

  • Emmetropization in humans is likely functionally dichromatic, mirroring non-primate mammals.
  • The importance of trichromacy for human refractive development is questionable.
  • Further research is needed to understand the link between emmetropization, color vision, and the rising incidence of myopia.