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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
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A Work Systems Hierarchy of Controls: Analysis of Risk Controls Developed by Paramedics.

Karen Davies1,2, Victoria Weale1, Jodi Oakman1

  • 1Centre for Ergonomics and Human Factors, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

American Journal of Industrial Medicine
|June 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new Work Systems Hierarchy of Control (WS-HOC) effectively evaluates risk controls for both physical and psychosocial hazards in Australian workplaces. This improved framework aids employers in fulfilling safety obligations and managing worker risks comprehensively.

Keywords:
hierarchy of risk controlsparamedicsphysical hazardspsychosocial hazardswork health and safety risk managementwork systemswork‐related musculoskeletal disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health and Safety
  • Risk Management Systems
  • Human Factors in Safety

Background:

  • The traditional Hierarchy of Control (HOC) is a cornerstone of Australian work health and safety, guiding employers in managing worker risks.
  • However, the HOC's effectiveness is limited, particularly for psychosocial hazards compared to physical ones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test a more comprehensive risk control hierarchy applicable to both physical and psychosocial hazards.
  • To introduce the Work Systems Hierarchy of Control (WS-HOC) as an advancement over the traditional HOC.

Main Methods:

  • The study developed the Work Systems Hierarchy of Control (WS-HOC) with three hierarchical levels: elimination, system re-design, and individual actions.
  • Non-hierarchical categories were incorporated to differentiate risk control options for various hazards.
  • The WS-HOC was applied to analyze risk controls developed by paramedics for physical and psychosocial hazards linked to musculoskeletal disorders, using the APHIRM toolkit.

Main Results:

  • The WS-HOC offers a unified, modern, and detailed method for assessing paramedic risk controls.
  • Its effectiveness in evaluating controls was consistent across both physical and psychosocial hazard types.

Conclusions:

  • This novel WS-HOC presents a viable alternative to existing methods for enhancing HOC application to psychosocial hazards.
  • Further research and practitioner evaluation are recommended to explore its utility in diverse occupational settings.