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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Opioid agonists impact opioid and dopaminergic systems.
  • Emerging research implicates the gut microbiome in opioid use disorders.
  • The gut-brain axis (GBA) facilitates bidirectional communication between the brain and gut, but its spatiotemporal dynamics in opioid use are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal and concurrent changes in the gut and brain during chronic morphine self-administration in rodents.
  • To establish the temporal relationship between gut microbiome alterations and brain structural changes.

Main Methods:

  • Rodents self-administered morphine (0.4 mg/kg/infusion) for 14 days.
  • 16S rDNA fecal analysis assessed gut microbiota composition at baseline, acute (2 days), and chronic (14 days) phases.
  • 7T MRI scans evaluated brain diffusivity indices at the same three time points.

Main Results:

  • Significant changes in gut microbiota diversity and abundance were observed as early as the acute phase, persisting into the chronic phase.
  • MRI revealed alterations in diffusivity indices, with significant effects in the striatum and thalamus.
  • Gut microbiome alterations preceded the observed brain structural changes.

Conclusions:

  • Morphine self-administration induces early and persistent changes in the gut microbiome.
  • The striatum and thalamus are key brain regions affected by chronic opioid exposure.
  • Gut microbiome shifts likely precede and influence brain alterations via the gut-brain axis in opioid use disorder.