Exosomes beyond stem cells during traumatic brain injury: hype or hope?

Based on the available data, stem cell therapy is a hopeful cure option for neurotrauma, especially traumatic brain injury. Stem cells can improve neurological outcomes and promote neuroregeneration after an injury through mechanisms such as bystander effects, cell replacement, and the activation of endogenous pathways. However, several uncertainties and limitations exist in achieving appropriate results and applying stem cell therapy at the clinical level. This study performed an extensive review of a pertinent database, utilizing targeted keywords to extract information regarding the application of stem cells and their exosomes in the context of brain injury. It also examined the distinctions between these two modalities in therapeutic strategies.

Recent research has demonstrated that exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles, can overwhelm boundaries associated with stem cell therapy, such as issues with bioavailability and immune responses. A comprehensive review article is needed to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using stem cell products, including exosomes, for treating traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Therefore, exosome therapy has garnered significant attention in stem cell-based therapy for brain injuries. However, further research is needed to explore its mechanisms.