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Risk Factors of Smartphone Addiction: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies
Sina Crowhurst1, Hassan Hosseinzadeh1
1School of Health & Society University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia.
Public Health Challenges
|June 11, 2025
Summary
This review identifies seven key risk factors for smartphone addiction, including mental health and social issues, using longitudinal data. Findings inform interventions for this growing global health concern.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Public Health
- Digital Well-being
Background:
- Smartphone addiction is a growing global concern with significant negative health impacts.
- Previous research relied on cross-sectional data, limiting causal inference.
- This study addresses the gap by focusing on longitudinal evidence.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review longitudinal studies on smartphone addiction risk factors.
- To identify personal, social, and environmental predictors.
- To provide evidence for targeted interventions and policy development.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023431529).
- Searched six major databases (Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest Central, PsycINFO).
- Included longitudinal studies assessing smartphone addiction; assessed risk of bias and quality.
Main Results:
- 22 papers met inclusion criteria, identifying seven significant risk factors.
- Key factors include mental health, emotions, academic stress, social rejection, peer victimization, family dysfunction, and parental phubbing.
- Mental health issues, social rejection, and peer victimization showed bidirectional relationships with smartphone addiction.
Conclusions:
- Identified seven critical risk factors for smartphone addiction, informing policy and public health strategies.
- Highlights the need for further research into the etiology of smartphone addiction.
- Results can guide educational, counseling, and coping strategies for smartphone addiction.
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