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Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations

Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations

Once the fields have been calculated using Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force that the fields exert on a charged particle moving with a certain velocity. The Lorentz force equation combines the force of the electric field and of the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together encompass all the laws of electricity and magnetism. The symmetry that Maxwell introduced into his mathematical framework may not be...

Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents

Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents

Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
The force exerted by the magnetic field due to the first conductor over a finite length of the second conductor is given as the product of the current in the second conductor and the vector product of the length vector along the current element and the field due to the first conductor. According to the...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...

Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic forces on wires carrying current are most frequently applied in motors. A DC motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work. In motors, wire loops are enclosed in a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate. The direction of the current is reversed once the loop's surface area is lined up with the magnetic field, causing a constant torque on the loop. During the process,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Pure Spin Currents via Antisymmetric Light.

Deepika Gill¹, Sangeeta Sharma^1,2, Sam Shallcross¹

¹Max-Born-Institute for Non-Linear optics, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany.

|June 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Antisymmetric laser pulses generate pure spin currents without needing complex nanostructures. This ultrafast method offers a robust way to create and control spin and valley currents for efficient electronics.

Keywords:

pure currents spintronics ultrafast lasers valleytronics

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Area of Science:

Spintronics and ultrafast phenomena

Background:

Pure spin currents are crucial for energy-efficient electronics but often require complex nanostructures.
Existing methods for generating pure spin currents face challenges in experimental realization and robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a novel method for generating pure spin currents using intrinsic material properties and tailored light pulses.
To investigate the generation of pure valley currents in graphene using the same approach.

Main Methods:

Utilizing antisymmetric laser pulses, where the vector potential changes sign upon time inversion.
Focusing on intrinsic material properties rather than designed nanostructures.
Investigating the generation of pure spin and valley currents at femtosecond timescales.

Main Results:

Antisymmetric laser pulses successfully generate pure spin currents at ultrafast (few femtosecond) timescales.
The generated pure spin currents exhibit robustness against "light defects" arising from pulse antisymmetry.
Applied to graphene, these pulses generate pure valley currents on a few femtosecond timescale.

Conclusions:

Tailoring light pulses offers a robust and experimentally feasible route to generate pure spin and valley currents.
This approach bypasses the need for intricate nanostructure fabrication, simplifying device creation.
The method enables ultrafast control of spin and valley degrees of freedom for next-generation electronics.