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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Updated: Jun 12, 2025

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Breaking confirmatory spells by implementing research-integrated CUREs.

Jan A C Vriezen1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA.

Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
|June 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exploratory, hypothesis-driven Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) can bridge the STEM achievement gap. Integrating research into ongoing studies (riCUREs) improves educational outcomes and research dividends for underprivileged students.

Keywords:
confirmatorycreativitydisseminationexploratoryhypothesis developmentlearning outcomesnature of scienceresearch-integratedriCURE

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Area of Science:

  • STEM Education
  • Undergraduate Research

Background:

  • Achievement gaps persist in STEM for underprivileged students due to socioeconomic and academic inequities.
  • Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) aim to mitigate these gaps by providing accessible research opportunities.
  • Existing CUREs are often criticized for being overly scaffolded, potentially limiting genuine scientific inquiry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and design exploratory, hypothesis-driven CUREs integrated into ongoing research (riCUREs).
  • To address the limitations of highly scaffolded CUREs and foster deeper student engagement in scientific discovery.
  • To enhance both educational outcomes and research productivity through innovative CURE models.

Main Methods:

  • Development of exploratory, hypothesis-driven CUREs.
  • Integration of these CUREs into existing, ongoing research projects.
  • Utilizing the Tiny Earth CURE framework as a foundation for course design.
  • Facilitating interdisciplinary hypothesis development within the CURE structure.

Main Results:

  • The proposed riCURE model facilitates interdisciplinary hypothesis development.
  • Preliminary findings suggest improved educational outcomes for students participating in these exploratory CUREs.
  • The model shows potential for generating meaningful research dividends alongside educational benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Exploratory, hypothesis-driven riCUREs offer a promising approach to address STEM achievement gaps.
  • This model enhances student learning by promoting authentic scientific inquiry and interdisciplinary collaboration.
  • riCUREs can effectively contribute to both student development and ongoing scientific research.