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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's...

Transcellular Transport of Solutes

Transcellular Transport of Solutes

Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...

Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

[Amniotic fluid embolism].

Antje Gottschalk¹

¹Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Kaiserswerther-Diakonie, Florence-Nightingale-Krankenhaus, Kreuzbergstraße 79, 40489, Düsseldorf, Deutschland. gottschalka@kaiserswerther-diakonie.de.

Die Anaesthesiologie

|June 11, 2025

Summary

Amniotic fluid embolism is a leading cause of maternal death, often unpredictable. Immediate, interdisciplinary, symptom-oriented treatment is crucial for survival.

Keywords:

Amnioinfusion syndrome Amniotic fluid embolism Obstetric emergency Obstetric shock syndrome Pregnancy complications

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

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Published on: November 20, 2015

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Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

Published on: December 22, 2023

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Maternal Fetal Medicine

Background:

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but catastrophic obstetric emergency.
It is a leading cause of direct maternal mortality globally.
AFE is unpredictable and has a high mortality rate.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of amniotic fluid embolism.
To emphasize the importance of rapid diagnosis and interdisciplinary treatment for improved maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Main Methods:

Literature review of amniotic fluid embolism.
Analysis of clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria.
Overview of current treatment strategies and prognosis.

Main Results:

Risk factors include cesarean section, multiple pregnancy, advanced maternal age (≥35 years), and polyhydramnion.
Diagnosis is clinical, characterized by sudden hypoxia, hypotension, and coagulopathy.
Causal treatment is unavailable; management is immediate and symptom-based.

Conclusions:

Rapid diagnosis and immediate, simultaneous, interdisciplinary treatment are critical for survival.
Prompt mobilization of additional personnel is essential when AFE is suspected.
Effective management relies on a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach.