Biochar amendment and water level optimization enhance nitrogen removal and reduce N₂O emissions in vertical flow...

To explore how biochar influences nitrogen cycling in unsaturated, capillary, and saturated zones of partially saturated vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), three parallel VFCWs were established to examine the effects of biochar's better water holding capacity on nitrogen removal and N₂O emissions. Microbial mechanisms involved were studied by conducting ETS activity, metagenomic sequencing and performing high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA. Results indicated that the combination of adding 40 % biochar and maintaining water level of 45 cm facilitated TN removal and suppressed N₂O emissions, achieving TN removal efficiency of 73.4 % and N₂O/removed TN value of 0.3 %. Within the unsaturated zone, the relative abundance of amoA, hao, and nxrB increased by 929 %, 454 %, and 38.3 %, respectively, enhancing nitrification capacity microorganisms carrying these genes and involved in the oxidation of NH₄⁺-N to NO₃^--N included Nitrosomonas, Methylosarcina, Nitrosospira, and Methylomonas, whose relative abundance increased by 75.2 %. In the capillary zone, the 19.2 % increase in nosZ (involved in the reduction of N₂O to N₂) transformed it into a potential N₂O consumption layer. The functional genera involved in N₂O reduction (Ferrovibrio, Thauera, Ramlibacter, and Hyphomicrobium) in the capillary zone increased by 1724 %, 357 %, 707 %, and 78.5 %, respectively, and the ETS activity in the 40W-CW capillary zone was 72.5 % higher than that of QS-CW. Within the saturated zone, the relative abundance of amoA increased by 591 %, hao by 149 %, and nxrB decreased by 20.0 %, potentially facilitating short-cut denitrification.