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Coronavirus

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Published on: August 21, 2019

Lyophilized SARS-CoV-2 self-amplifying RNA vaccines for microneedle array patch delivery.

Madison M Driskill¹, Ian A Coates¹, Paul J Hurst²

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society

|June 11, 2025

Summary

This study developed a thermostable self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine using lyophilization, reducing cold-chain dependence. The saRNA vaccine, delivered via microfluidic microarray patches, induced robust immune responses, improving vaccine accessibility.

Keywords:

Covid-19 Lyophilization Microneedle Self-amplifying RNA Vaccines

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Area of Science:

Vaccinology
Biotechnology
Immunology

Background:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are crucial for pandemics like SARS-CoV-2.
RNA vaccines face challenges including limited immunogenicity duration and cold-chain requirements.
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines offer sustained antigen expression and durable immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop lyophilized formulations for SARS-CoV-2 saRNA ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs).
To reduce the reliance of saRNA vaccines on specialized cold-chain storage.
To evaluate the immunogenicity and delivery of thermostable saRNA-LNPs.

Main Methods:

Formulation of lyophilized saRNA-LNPs for SARS-CoV-2.
Storage of lyophilized saRNA-LNPs above freezing temperatures for up to 15 weeks.
Delivery of saRNA-LNPs via intramuscular, intradermal routes, and microfluidic microarray patches (M-MAPs) in mice.

Main Results:

Lyophilized saRNA-LNPs induced robust immune responses in mice after storage.
Intradermal delivery using M-MAPs efficiently delivered saRNA-LNPs.
Both humoral and cellular immunity were strongly induced by the lyophilized saRNA-LNPs.

Conclusions:

Lyophilization creates thermostable saRNA-LNPs, reducing cold-chain dependence.
saRNA-LNPs delivered via M-MAPs provide a painless, self-administered vaccination method.
Thermostable, self-administered saRNA-LNP vaccines have the potential to enhance global vaccine coverage.