Association between dietary ketogenic ratio and depressive symptoms: A population-based cross-sectional study using...

Ketogenic diets may modulate mood disorders, but epidemiological evidence for the dietary ketogenic ratio (DKR)-a ketogenic adherence biomarker-remains limited. We investigated the association between DKR and depressive symptoms,while exploring potential mechanisms involving inflammation and body composition.

Using NHANES 2007-2018 data (30,133 U.S. adults), depressive symptoms were defined by a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score of ≥10. DKR was calculated using the formula: (0.9 × fat +0.46 × protein) / (0.1 × fat +0.58 × protein + carbohydrates). Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for 19 confounders (demographics, comorbidities, lifestyle), restricted cubic splines, and mediation analyses. Robustness was assessed via propensity score matching.

A higher DKR showed a linear dose-response reduction in depressive symptoms risk (OR = 0.13 per unit increase, 95 % CI:0.03-0.48, p = 0.003; Q4 vs. Q1 OR = 0.59, p = 0.012).. Mediation analyses revealed opposing effects: traditional obesity metrics (BMI, waist circumference, BRI) mediated adverse associations (-14.69 % to -11.43 %), while the body shape index (ABSI) displayed protective mediation (11.03 %, p < 0.001). None of the 12 inflammatory markers showed significant mediation, as indicated by p-values >0.05 or mediation proportions <5 %.

DKR inversely associates with depressive symptoms risk, potentially through body composition remodeling rather than anti-inflammatory pathways. ABSI served as a positive mediator in the inverse association between DKR and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm causality and clinical utility of DKR.