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Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

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Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
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The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
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Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

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Introduction
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Regulation of Ventilation
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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Moderate-to-late prematurity: understanding respiratory consequences and modifiable risk factors.

Kishan D Tsang1,2, Gerdien A Tramper-Stranders3,4, Jasper V Been4,5

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands k.tsang@franciscus.nl.

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Summary

Moderate and late preterm birth increases lifelong respiratory illness risk. Early life interventions can mitigate these adverse lung development outcomes in preterm infants.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Increased survival rates of preterm infants highlight long-term health consequences.
  • Preterm birth, especially moderate and late, is linked to chronic illness susceptibility.
  • Focus has shifted to moderate and late preterm birth's impact, despite lower neonatal risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of moderate and late prematurity on lung development and function.
  • To explore environmental factors contributing to respiratory morbidity in this population.
  • To identify early-life interventions for protecting lung health in moderate-to-late preterm infants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on moderate and late preterm birth outcomes.
  • Analysis of factors influencing lung development and respiratory morbidity.
  • Synthesis of evidence on protective early-life interventions.

Main Results:

  • Moderate and late preterm birth is associated with increased lifelong respiratory morbidity.
  • Environmental factors play a significant role in exacerbating respiratory risks.
  • Early interventions show potential in preventing adverse lung development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding moderate and late preterm birth's long-term respiratory impact is crucial.
  • Targeting modifiable risk factors through early interventions is essential.
  • Further research is needed to optimize protective strategies for this growing population.