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Related Concept Videos

Mitosis and Cytokinesis01:35

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The processes of the cell cycle occur over approximately 24 hours (in typical human cells) and in two major distinguishable stages. The...
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
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Interphase00:54

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Condensins02:15

Condensins

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

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Orderly mitosis shapes interphase genome architecture.

Krishnendu Guin1, Adib Keikhosravi2, Gianluca Pegoraro3

  • 1Cell Biology of Genomes, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study identifies key nuclear proteins that regulate genome 3D organization by tracking centromere distribution. Cell cycle progression and mitosis are crucial for establishing interphase genome architecture.

Keywords:
3D genome organizationCRISPRcell cyclecentromerefunctional genomics screeninghigh throughput imagingmitosis

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Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II
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Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The 3D architecture of the interphase cell nucleus is complex.
  • Molecular mechanisms governing global genome organization remain poorly understood.
  • Understanding genome architecture is critical for cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify molecular mechanisms and key regulators of higher-order genome organization.
  • To investigate the role of nuclear proteins in spatial genome architecture.
  • To use centromere distribution as a surrogate marker for genome organization.

Main Methods:

  • Performed high-throughput imaging-based CRISPR knockout screens.
  • Targeted 1064 genes encoding nuclear proteins in human cell lines.
  • Assessed changes in centromere distribution at single-cell resolution.

Main Results:

  • Identified major regulators of centromere spatial distribution, including nucleolus, kinetochore, cohesin, condensin, and nuclear pore complex components.
  • Observed that alterations in centromere distribution depend on cell cycle progression.
  • Found that depletion of specific mitotic factors impacts interphase centromere distribution.

Conclusions:

  • Identified molecular determinants of spatial centromere organization.
  • Demonstrated that orderly progression through mitosis shapes interphase genome architecture.
  • Provides insights into the dynamic regulation of genome 3D structure.