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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

5.9K
Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposon-plasmid nesting enables fast response to fluctuating environments.

Yuanchi Ha1,2, Rohan Maddamsetti1,2,3, Xiaoli Chen1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 12, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposons nesting within plasmids offers microbes a survival advantage. This structure combines gene mobility with copy number control for faster, more stable adaptation to changing environments.

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Creation of a Dense Transposon Insertion Library Using Bacterial Conjugation in Enterobacterial Strains Such As Escherichia Coli or Shigella flexneri
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Creation of a Dense Transposon Insertion Library Using Bacterial Conjugation in Enterobacterial Strains Such As Escherichia Coli or Shigella flexneri

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Creation of a Dense Transposon Insertion Library Using Bacterial Conjugation in Enterobacterial Strains Such As Escherichia Coli or Shigella flexneri
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Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), like transposons, are crucial for microbial evolution.
  • MGEs can form complex nested structures, particularly transposons on plasmids.
  • The adaptive significance of transposon-plasmid nesting is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and adaptive advantages of transposon-plasmid nesting.
  • To understand how this structure impacts microbial population dynamics and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatics analysis of 14,338 plasmids from the NCBI RefSeq database.
  • Experimental validation using engineered transposon systems in fluctuating environments.

Main Results:

  • Transposons are significantly enriched on plasmids compared to chromosomes, indicating widespread nesting.
  • Transposon-plasmid nesting allows for rapid and tunable responses of transposon-encoded genes.
  • This structure enhances gene dosage control through plasmid copy number amplification, improving response speed and stability.

Conclusions:

  • Transposon-plasmid nesting provides a significant adaptive benefit for microbial populations.
  • This genetic architecture contributes to the ecological persistence and evolutionary success of MGEs.
  • Findings offer insights into microbial adaptation mechanisms and genome evolution.