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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

Searching for bacteria within acute cholecystitis using next-generation sequencers.

Tomohiro Otsuka¹, Yoichi Ishizaki², Jiro Yoshimoto²

¹Juntendo University Institute for Environment and Gender-Specific Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan.

Surgery Open Science

|June 12, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The gallbladder is not sterile; acute cholecystitis involves distinct bacterial flora. Specific bacteria, not found in healthy gallbladders, may contribute to the disease development.

Keywords:

16S rRNA 16S ribosomal RNA Acute cholecystitis Bacteria flora Biliary microbiome Microbiome Next-generation sequencer

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Microbiology
Surgical Pathology

Background:

The gallbladder was traditionally considered sterile.
Recent studies reveal a biliary microbiome in healthy gallbladders using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene analysis.
This study investigates the biliary microbiome in acute cholecystitis.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify bacterial flora in bile samples from patients with acute cholecystitis.
To compare the bacterial composition with that of normal gallbladders.
To explore the potential role of specific bacteria in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis.

Main Methods:

Bile samples were collected from patients with Grade I or II acute cholecystitis undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Bacterial presence was confirmed using standard bacteriology (culture tests) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Samples were analyzed within 24 hours of diagnosis.

Main Results:

Bacterial biliary flora was detected in all samples via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including those negative by culture.
Of 29 samples, 15 were culture-positive.
Bacteria other than those found in normal gallbladders (e.g., *Propionibacterium*, *Coprococcus*, *Prevotella*) were found in 86% of cases.

Conclusions:

The gallbladder harbors bacterial flora, even in acute cholecystitis.
Specific bacteria, such as *Propionibacterium*, *Coprococcus*, *Prevotella*, *Sediminibacterium*, and *Collinesella*, are associated with acute cholecystitis.
These bacteria may play a role in the development of acute cholecystitis.