Functional heterogeneity and clinical implications of CD4+ T cell subtypes in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is among the most lethal gynecological malignancies, characterized by late-stage diagnosis, extensive peritoneal dissemination, and limited treatment options, resulting in poor survival outcomes. The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in disease progression and therapy resistance, with CD4+ T cells exhibiting significant plasticity and functional heterogeneity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are particularly implicated in immune suppression and tumor evasion. However, the spatial distribution, functional states, and prognostic significance of CD4+ T cell subtypes in HGSOC remain poorly understood.

To characterize the functional heterogeneity and tissue-specific distributions of CD4+ T cell subtypes in HGSOC and identify biomarkers for therapy.

We analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from 42 HGSOC patients, examining samples collected from adnexal tissues and ascites. CD4+ T cells were identified and classified into subtypes using unsupervised clustering and marker gene analysis. Functional profiling was performed using pathway enrichment, differential expression analysis, and functional signature scoring. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazards modeling were conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of CD4+ T cell subtypes.

Distinct distributions of CD4+ T cell subtypes were identified between adnexal tissues and ascites. Naive CD4+ T cells were predominant in ascites, while Tregs and CXCL13-expressing CD4+ T cells were enriched in adnexal tissues. Tregs were further categorized into four subtypes (Treg1, Treg2, Treg3, and TISG), each exhibiting unique molecular signatures and tissue-specific adaptations. Treg3 cells, enriched in adnexal tissues, were characterized by high levels of activation and exhaustion markers, correlating with poor clinical outcomes in HGSOC patients.

Treg3 cells drive immune suppression and tumor progression in HGSOC, making them a key immunotherapy target. Their adnexal enrichment highlights the need for tissue-specific immune profiling in precision treatment.