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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Cell-Type-Specific Autophagy in Human Leukocytes.

Linh V P Dang1,2, Alexis Martin1, Julian M Carosi1,3

  • 1Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|June 12, 2025
PubMed
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Autophagy, a key cell recycling process, shows varied activity across human blood cell types. Measuring autophagy in specific cell populations improves understanding of aging and disease in humans.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process for degrading damaged components, essential for cell survival and implicated in slowing aging and age-related diseases.
  • Translating autophagy research from preclinical models to human clinical applications has been hindered by a lack of validated measurement tools for physiological human autophagy.
  • Previous work established a method for measuring autophagy in pooled human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) within whole blood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate human autophagic flux across diverse cell subpopulations within whole blood using flow cytometry.
  • To identify specific cell types and conditions that best reflect physiological autophagic activity in humans.
  • To enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of human autophagic flux measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Human autophagic flux was measured using flow cytometry in 19 distinct cell subpopulations from whole blood.
  • Analysis focused on preserving physiological autophagic flux by analyzing cells in their native whole blood context.
  • Specific cell types, including monocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and T lymphocytes, were analyzed for autophagic flux variations.

Main Results:

  • Autophagic flux exhibited significant differences across various cell types, including distinct monocyte, B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, and T lymphocyte subtypes.
  • Autophagic flux varied by sex, with higher levels observed in monocytes of females compared to males.
  • Autophagy levels increased with aging at the subpopulation level, consistent with previous human studies.
  • Nonclassical monocytes were identified as the primary cell type showing a robust increase in autophagic flux upon amino acid withdrawal, highlighting their importance in nutrient restriction studies.

Conclusions:

  • Analyzing peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subpopulations significantly improves the sensitivity of human autophagic flux measurements.
  • Understanding cell-type-specific autophagic flux is critical for accurate assessment in human studies, particularly during nutrient restriction.
  • These findings provide a more refined approach to measuring autophagy in humans, paving the way for clinical translation in aging and disease research.