Evaluating the Diagnostic Potential of Caveolin-1 in Fetal Growth Restriction: A Prospective Case-Control Study

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a significant pregnancy complication associated with impaired placental angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction, leading to adverse perinatal outcomes. Caveolin-1, a structural protein involved in vascular signaling, plays a critical role in regulating angiogenic factors such as VEGF, b-FGF, and eNOS. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of serum caveolin-1 levels in FGR.

This prospective case-control study included 37 pregnant women diagnosed with FGR and 33 healthy controls matched for gestational age. Maternal serum caveolin-1 levels were measured using ELISA, and their association with clinical parameters, Doppler indices, and neonatal outcomes was analyzed. ROC analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of caveolin-1 levels.

Maternal serum caveolin-1 levels were significantly reduced in the FGR group compared to controls (p = 0.011). Lower caveolin-1 levels in FGR were associated with higher Doppler indices (S/D, PI, RI) and adverse neonatal outcomes, including lower birth weights and Apgar scores. The ROC analysis demonstrated an AuROC of 0.677 with a cutoff value of <222.37 pg/mL achieving a sensitivity of 60.6% and a specificity of 59.5%.

Reduced serum caveolin-1 levels may be associated with impaired placental angiogenesis and adverse perinatal outcomes in FGR; however, further studies are needed to establish a definitive link. Caveolin-1 shows potential as a non-invasive biomarker for early detection and management of FGR. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore therapeutic implications.