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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
3.0K
Transcription01:10

Transcription

146.8K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
146.8K
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

5.4K
The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
5.4K
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

13.2K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
13.2K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

10.8K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
10.8K
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

1.6K
Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
1.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

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Transcription Dynamics and DNA Methylation Responses to Growth Modification.

Kris A Christensen1,2, Étienne Collette3, Danielle Perley3

  • 1Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada. kris.christensen@wsu.edu.

Marine Biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)
|June 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Gene transcription control involves complex interactions. Promoter methylation negatively correlates with gene transcription, but changes in methylation don't always track transcription shifts across different conditions.

Keywords:
EpigeneticFeed-deprivationGene regulationGrowth hormonePromoterTransgenic

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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Fish Biology

Background:

  • Gene transcription is tightly regulated by physiological and environmental factors.
  • Understanding epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation is crucial for deciphering gene expression control.
  • Salmon provide a valuable vertebrate model for studying growth and environmental responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between gene transcription and promoter methylation in salmon under varying conditions.
  • To explore how growth hormone transgenesis and feeding regimes influence these molecular responses.
  • To identify genotype-by-environment interactions affecting gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Assessing gene transcription and DNA methylation in salmon liver tissue.
  • Utilizing growth hormone transgenesis to manipulate physiology.
  • Implementing experimental conditions: satiated, feed-deprived, and re-fed states.
  • Analyzing methylation and transcription data across different time points and treatments.

Main Results:

  • A negative association was observed between gene promoter methylation and transcription in both transgenic and non-transgenic salmon liver.
  • Changes in promoter methylation did not consistently correlate with transcription changes across different treatments and time points.
  • These findings suggest that only a subset of genes respond to methylation changes during environmental or physiological shifts.

Conclusions:

  • Gene transcription regulation is complex, involving interactions between genotype and environment.
  • Promoter methylation plays a role, but its dynamic changes do not always predict transcription alterations.
  • The study highlights the intricate response of tissues to internal physiological changes and external environmental conditions.