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People struggle to point to locations across boundaries, suggesting a cognitive map lacking integrated orientations. Indoor pointing errors were larger, mainly due to heading estimation difficulties, not position.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Spatial Cognition
  • Human Navigation

Background:

  • Accurate spatial awareness across environmental boundaries is crucial for navigation.
  • Previous research suggests cognitive maps integrate locations and orientations, but empirical evidence is debated.
  • Difficulty in pointing across indoor-outdoor boundaries challenges the notion of a unified cognitive map.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether cognitive maps integrate locations and orientations across environmental boundaries.
  • To determine if a lack of integrated orientation representations explains difficulties in cross-boundary pointing.
  • To differentiate between location and orientation representation integration in cognitive mapping.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized immersive virtual reality (VR) with panoramic photos of campus buildings (indoor/outdoor).
  • Participants familiarized with location, oriented to a specific direction, and pointed to other buildings.
  • Calculated represented locations and headings by maximizing pointing direction similarity.

Main Results:

  • Absolute pointing errors were significantly greater when participants were indoors compared to outdoors.
  • The indoor-outdoor difference in error was primarily driven by heading estimation, not location estimation.
  • Systematic, consistent positional shifts were observed within views of the same building (indoor/outdoor), but not across different buildings.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest cognitive maps may possess distorted but globally consistent location representations across boundaries.
  • The results support the hypothesis that integrated orientation representations are crucial for accurate cross-boundary spatial cognition.
  • Individual cognitive maps may prioritize orientation integration for specific environments, leading to cross-boundary inaccuracies.