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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Published on: April 18, 2019

Systematic Evidence Map for the Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Universe.

Avanti V Shirke¹, Elizabeth G Radke¹, Ryan Jones²

¹1Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Chemical and Pollutant Assessment Division (CPAD), U.S. EPA, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

Environmental Health Perspectives

|June 12, 2025

Summary

A comprehensive review found data for only 1.4% of the thousands of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This highlights significant data gaps in understanding PFAS human health risks, necessitating further research into these widespread chemicals.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health Sciences
Toxicology
Epidemiology

Background:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of thousands of chemicals.
There is a critical need to identify available data for assessing the human health hazards of PFAS.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prioritizes PFAS research.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically map and summarize available epidemiological and mammalian bioassay evidence for approximately 14,735 PFAS.
To update and expand upon previous systematic evidence maps (SEMs) of PFAS data.
To compile findings into a Comprehensive PFAS Dashboard for researchers and regulators.

Main Methods:

Conducted extensive literature searches of peer-reviewed and gray literature.
Utilized a combination of manual review and machine learning for study identification and screening.
Applied predefined population, exposure, comparator, and outcome (PECO) criteria for study inclusion.
Evaluated study quality for risk of bias and sensitivity, and extracted health endpoint data.

Main Results:

Searches yielded 152,205 references, with 347 mammalian bioassay and 44 epidemiological studies meeting PECO criteria.
Evidence was assessed for 99 individual PFAS in mammalian bioassays and 30 in epidemiological studies.
Only 1.4% (214 out of 14,735) of PFAS had available mammalian bioassay or epidemiological data.

Conclusions:

The Comprehensive PFAS Dashboard consolidates existing human health hazard data for PFAS.
A vast majority of PFAS lack publicly available human health effect data.
Significant data gaps exist, indicating a need for targeted research on PFAS health risks.