CRABP2 promotes peritoneal metastasis in CRC through TGF-β/Smad-mediated EMT signaling and invadopodia formation

Peritoneal metastasis (PM) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is typically associated with a lower likelihood of successful conversion therapy and a poorer prognosis compared to metastases at other sites. Invadopodia, cancer-specific protrusive structures, play a vital role in the metastatic cascade by degrading the basement membrane and surrounding stroma. However, the exact mechanism of invadopodia regulation in PM of CRC still remains unclear. In the research, we have found that CRABP2 as a PM-associated differentially expressed gene (DEG) that promoted cell protrusion formation in CRC. CRABP2 was reported to be significantly overexpressed and correlated with poor prognostic features in CRC by integrated bioinformatics analysis and experiments, and CRABP2 also promoted CRC metastasis in vivo and vitro. Moreover, the enrichment analyses and verification assays indicated that CRABP2 may be involved in PM resulting from invadopodia formation and TGF-β/Smad-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathway in CRC. CRC patients in high-CRABP2 expression group were further suggested to have more genetic variants and better responses to several potential drugs and compounds. Finally, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis revealed that CRABP2-associated epithelial cells exhibited enhanced communication with mesothelial cells via the CDH1 signaling pathway in CRC with PM. CRABP2 is a promising novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC with PM, and its metastatic mechanisms indicate that CRABP2 may represent a vital therapeutic target that can be utilized for the clinical management of PM in CRC in the future.