Thyroid function profiles in small versus appropriate for gestational age stable neonates with implications for...

Thyroid hormones are critical for neonatal growth and development, with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates at greater risk of thyroid dysfunction. This study aimed to compare thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) neonates, potentially guiding screening practices.

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Southern India, including stable term and late preterm neonates born consecutively from Jan to Sep 2024. Medical records were retrieved and relevant clinical data was collected. Routine neonatal hypothyroidism screening at 48-72 h of life measured serum TSH and FT4 levels via venous samples. SGA was defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile using Fenton's growth charts.

Among 756 neonates, 268 were SGA and 488 were AGA. Median [IQR] gestational age was 38 weeks [37-39] and birth weight was 2,800 g [2,500-3,009]. SGA neonates had significantly higher median [IQR] TSH levels (mIU/L) compared to AGA neonates [5.33 [2.8-8.7] vs. 4.09 [2.3-6.6], MD 1.24 (95% CI = 0.38, 2.09.) p < 0.01]. Elevated TSH (>10 mIU/L) requiring recall was more frequent in SGA than AGA neonates (18% vs. 8%, p < 0.01). A weak negative but significant correlation was observed between birth weight and TSH (rho = -0.12, p < 0.01). Median [IQR] FT4 levels (ng/dl) were comparable between SGA and AGA groups [2.02 [1.69-2.41] vs. 2.02 [1.65-2.40]; p = 0.69]. Multivariate regression analysis revealed SGA status, LBW and cesarean delivery as independent predictors of TSH levels, while prematurity and the need for resuscitation were independent predictors of FT4 levels.

SGA neonates exhibit significantly higher serum TSH levels at 48-72 h compared to AGA neonates. FT4 levels were comparable between the groups. Tailored TSH cutoffs for SGA neonates could reduce unnecessary recalls and resampling during congenital hypothyroidism screening.