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Transcription Factors02:16

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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  1. Home
  3. Transcription Factor Binding Divergence Drives Transcriptional And Phenotypic Variation In Maize.
  1. Home
  3. Transcription Factor Binding Divergence Drives Transcriptional And Phenotypic Variation In Maize.

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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Transcription factor binding divergence drives transcriptional and phenotypic variation in maize.

Mary Galli1, Zongliang Chen1, Tara Ghandour2

  • 1Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.

Nature Plants
|June 12, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study maps transcription factor (TF) binding in maize, revealing genetic differences that impact crop traits like flowering time and pest resistance. These findings offer new ways to improve agriculture using plant genetic variation.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Plant Biology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Regulatory elements in plant genomes are crucial for crop domestication and improvement.
  • Understanding their identity, function, and diversity is limited, hindering agricultural advances.
  • Harnessing natural or induced genetic variation requires better characterization of these elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map transcription factor (TF) binding sites in two maize inbred lines.
  • To identify differences in TF binding between lines and correlate them with gene expression and traits.
  • To validate the function of regulatory regions using genome editing.

Main Methods:

  • Mapped transcription factor binding for 200 TFs across 30 families in two maize inbred lines.
  • Compared TF binding patterns, identifying differences attributed to structural variation.
  • Utilized CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to validate regulatory regions controlling plant traits.

    • Main Results:

    • Widespread differences in TF binding were observed between maize inbred lines, largely due to structural variations.
    • These TF binding differences correlated with changes in gene expression and explained complex quantitative trait loci (e.g., Vgt1, DICE).
    • CRISPR-Cas9 editing confirmed the functional role of regulatory regions in plant architecture and biotic resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive maize TF binding catalog was generated, identifying functional regulatory regions.
    • The findings enable comparative analysis of regulatory elements, valuable for crop improvement.
    • This work provides a foundation for leveraging genetic variation to enhance agricultural productivity and resilience.